Technology has been used by humans for millennia, and is a major force in the growth of civilization. It is often linked with science, and has always been an intrinsic part of culture. Technology has evolved to encompass a range of disciplines including science, crafts, design, manufacturing, and management. It also consists of a complex social enterprise, including research, design, manufacture, labor, and marketing.
Despite its many uses, technology has many challenges. For example, most products of technology require operation, maintenance, repair, and replacement. These activities require specialized skills, and all involve costs. In addition, complex technologies usually require training personnel. This can be a major cost, and therefore, keeping demands on personnel to a minimum may be an important design consideration.
Technology is the application of knowledge to meet practical needs. It can also refer to a product that results from such an endeavor. Technology is ubiquitous across many disciplines and fields, and involves both physical and intangible tools. The term is sometimes used in conjunction with other terms, such as “artifact” and “process”.
While technology can be highly reliable, it may have unintended side effects in its production and application. For example, molded materials used to build space satellites might be used for consumer products. Meanwhile, substances or processes that are used in manufacturing may be hazardous to people or the environment. A person sitting in front of a computer for several hours a day can strain their eyes and lead to social isolation.