Religion is a broad term that encompasses a huge range of practices, beliefs and systems of meaning. It is difficult to define, but it is commonly defined as the beliefs and values that people hold in common and that guide their behaviour and attitudes. It is an essential part of human culture and, as the first of Marx’s four levels of phenomenology demonstrates, provides the context within which sanctions and rewards, approval and disapproval, inspiration and ideation are held in common (this is true for all cultures).
It also provides a focus for communal activity. Almost all religions emphasize doing good for others and offer concrete guidance on how to live a life with the well-being of other humans in mind. In addition, most religions support diversity by recognizing different views and beliefs and encouraging them to be accepted and tolerated.
Research has found that religiosity correlates with a sense of community and social support, which can benefit mental health. Additionally, many religious beliefs and philosophies provide hope for individuals in times of crisis. For example, many believe that everything happens for a reason and that their problems have a purpose; this can be comforting in the face of adversity.
The first sociologist to analyze religion in terms of its impact on society was Emil Durkheim, who believed that religion creates a sense of community, brings people together and binds them as a group. His work helped to lay the foundations for modern sociology and the study of religion.